Herpesviral Replication Compartments Move and Coalesce at Nuclear Speckles to Enhance Export of Viral Late mRNA

The role of the intranuclear movement of chromatin in gene expression is not well understood. Herpes simplex virus forms replication compartments (RCs) in infected cell nuclei as sites of viral DNA replication and late gene transcription. These structures develop from small compartments that grow in size, move and coalesce. Quantitative analysis of RC trajectories, derived from 4D images, show that most RCs move by directed motion. Directed movement is impaired in the presence of actin and myosin inhibitors as well as a transcription inhibitor. In addition, RCs coalesce at and reorganize nuclear speckles. Lastly, distinct effects of actin and myosin inhibitors on viral gene expression suggest that RC movement is not required for transcription but rather, movement results in the bridging of transcriptionally active RCs with nuclear speckles to form structures that enhance export of viral late mRNAs.