Instrumentation for vibrational circular dichroism spectroscopy. Method comparison and newer developments

Vibrational circular dichroism (VCD) is a widely used standard method for determination of absolute stereochemistry, and somewhat less so for biomolecule characterization and following dynamic processes. Over the last few decades different VCD instrument designs have developed for various purposes and reliable commercial instrumentation is now available. This review will briefly survey historical and currently used instrument designs and describe some aspects of more recently reported developments. An important factor in applying VCD to conformational studies is theoretical modelling of spectra for various structures, techniques for which are briefly surveyed.