Adolescents’ Expectations: Beyond Levels and Labels

Extensive research on adolescents' future expectations (Markus & Nurius, 1986; Nurmi, 1991; Massey et al., 2008) has consistently revealed a ceiling effect in measures of future expectations, where high levels are often labeled as 'ambitious' or 'overly optimistic.' The current dissertation seeks to advance the discussion of adolescents’ expectations beyond simplistic classifications of levels and labels by thoroughly examining the intricate web of factors contributing to their formation. Factors shaping expectations are analyzed through Structural Equation Models (ESEM) using data from 1,090 adolescents and their parents in the Youth Relationships Study. The analysis reveals that adolescents’ self-advocacy, self-esteem, social support, and participation in hobbies or activities of deep interest are key factors shaping adolescents' future expectations. In contrast, socioeconomic status and neighborhood infrastructure measures were found to have less impact. The findings emphasize the importance of focusing on emotional and social support, self-advocacy skills, and community programs to foster positive future expectations in all adolescents.