Neuroprotective Effects of Docosahexaenoic Acid on Neuronal Cell Function

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is the most abundant fatty acid in the brain. The decrease of DHA in the brain is associated with normal and abnormal aging, such as Alzheimer’s disease. In this study, we examine whether and how DHA and its peroxidation product effect stimulated microglia through reactive oxygen species (ROS) produced by NADPH and NF-κB pathways including iNOS, TNF- α production. In addition, we also examine the anti-inflammatory effect of DHA-treated astrocyte-derived exosomes on LPS-stimulated microglia. In conclusion, our findings suggest that DHA and its peroxidation product exert anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities on microglia cells through regulating multiple signaling pathways and exosomes. Information derived from this study should provide new insights into the DHA and its metabolites impose the neuroprotective effect on the neuronal cells and should shed light on nutraceuticals or clinical therapy for the prevention and treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD).