The booming of mobile devices and applications has a significant social and economic impact. However, new data intensive applications, which are continuously emerging in daily routines of mobile users, continuously increase the demand for wireless resources. Although bandwidth is traditionally considered as the primary scarce resource in wireless networks, the developments in communication theory shifts the focus from bandwidth to other scarce resources including processing power, energy, memory, and human participation. In this thesis, we specifically focus on processing power and energy bottlenecks of mobile devices, and develop and evaluate energy-aware computation framework using real mobile devices.